\Washburn, Margaret Floy1871╨1939psychologistBorn in New York City on July 25, 1871, Margaret Washburn grew up there and in Walden and Kingston, New York. She attended public schools and the Ulster Academy in Kingston and in 1891 graduated from Vassar College. She then studied briefly at Columbia University, where she was allowed to audit courses and work in James M. Cattell╒s new laboratory of experimental psychology but was not admitted as a regular student. In 1892 she entered Cornell, where her studies under Edward Bradford Titchener led to her receiving a Ph.D. in psychology in 1894. For six years she was professor of psychology, philosophy, and ethics at Wells College. In 1900╨1902 she returned to Cornell as warden of Sage College, a women╒s residence, and during that time she also taught courses in animal and social psychology. After a year as assistant professor of psychology at the University of Cincinnati Washburn accepted the post of associate professor of psychology at Vassar. She remained at Vassar until her retirement in 1937, from 1908 as full professor. A remarkably effective teacher, she made Vassar a leading center of undergraduate training and research in psychology. The results of her fruitful joint researches with advanced students were reported in a series of Studies from the Psychological Laboratory of Vassar College. Her own publications included scores of articles, reviews, and notes in professional journals and two books, The Animal Mind, 1908, and Movement and Mental Imagery, 1916. The former was a summary of studies in the field that was of lasting importance, and the latter was devoted to developing her dualistic motor theory of mental activity, an attempt to find a third way between the opposed and equally one-sided schools of behaviorism and introspectionism. Washburn served also as a cooperating editor of the American Journal of Psychology from 1903 to 1925 and as one of its four coeditors from 1925; she was also connected editorially with the Psychological Bulletin, the Psychological Review, the Journal of Comparative Psychology, and the Journal of American Behavior. She was president of the American Psychological Association in 1921 and vice-president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1927. In the latter year a special number of the American Journal of Psychology honored her. She was a member of the National Research Council in 1919╨1920 and 1925╨1928. In 1931 she became the second woman (after Florence R. Sabin) to be elected to the National Academy of Sciences. She died in Poughkeepsie, New York, on October 29, 1939. fstyl ` ! ¬ 5¬ " 5¬ 0 !I Y 5¬ Z !I $ !I _ !I ╧ !I ▐ !I Ω !I !I . 5¬ / !I c !I ü !I ∞ !I !I !I !I " !I C !I M !I i !I 5¬
